Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA) has identified 18 unique cell populations in synovial tissue, including four transcriptionally different monocyte subsets [73]: IL1B+ pro-inflammatory monocytes, IFN-activated SPP1+ monocytes, NUPR1+ monocytes and C1QA+ monocytes (Figure 3B), with the latter two subsets under-represented in RA and thought to exert homeostatic functions [73]. This evidence concerns the gene NUPR1 and rheumatoid arthritis.