In the peripheral lung tissue of COPD patients (n = 12) and control smokers (n = 12) (Table 4), we measured semi-quantitatively the immune expression of RIG1, MDA5, LGP2, STING, DAI, FOXA3, IFNα, and IFNβ in bronchiolar epithelium, bronchiolar lamina propria, alveolar septa, and alveolar macrophages. This evidence concerns the gene ZBP1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.