IFNB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In the peripheral lung tissue of COPD patients (n = 12) and control smokers (n = 12) (Table 4), we measured semi-quantitatively the immune expression of RIG1, MDA5, LGP2, STING, DAI, FOXA3, IFNα, and IFNβ in bronchiolar epithelium, bronchiolar lamina propria, alveolar septa, and alveolar macrophages.