ABCC1 and cancer: Across different cancer types, MAPK/ERK and PI3K-AKT signaling have been shown to increase drug resistance via altered expression of Bcl-2 family proteins (42, 43) or increased activity of the ATP-binding cassette C 1 (ABCC1) transporter/multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MDR1) (44, 45).