TNF and Insulin resistance: In parallel, mounting evidence has helped to clarify that adipocytes hypertrophy and aberrant secretory activity involving inflammatory adipokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), are significantly associated with recruitment, infiltration, and accumulation of B and T lymphocytes and macrophages into the white AT and development of insulin resistance (30, 31).