EGFR and rectal neoplasm: Retrospective analyses demonstrated worse DFS and lower pCR rates in patients with rectal tumors expressing EGFR, and elevated VEGF expression in tumors has been associated with inferior survival.49 The addition of cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody that can sensitize cells with overexpression of EGFR to radiotherapy,49 has been shown not to affect the pCR rate but to significantly improve OS.51 Bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody reducing tumor vascular density,49,50 did not improve pCR rates.24 However, these translational results are still preliminary, and clinical trials are needed.