When comparing fibroblasts from skin biopsies of LRRK2-G2019S individuals not manifesting PD symptoms, LRRK2-G2019S PD patients and healthy controls, non-manifesting G2019S demonstrated upregulated autophagy, and preserved mitochondrial function while fibroblasts from LRRK2-G2019S PD patients presented with elevated p62 levels, reduced LC3-II ratios and mitochondrial dysfunction. This evidence concerns the gene LRRK2 and Parkinson disease.