CD274 and neoplasm: During the same period, Sivan discovered that the control effect of oral Bifidobacterium on tumors was the same as that of PD-L1 ICIs using 16S rRNA sequencing, and determined the anti-tumor effects of Bifidobacterium, especially Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis [109, 121].