HIF1A and cancer: Since anti-cancer drugs such as CDDP, doxorubicin (DOX), paclitaxel (PTX), gemcitabine (GEM) and carboplatin (CBDCA), stimulate pro-survival HIF-1α and its downstream target gene expression under normoxia [9–12], it is likely that HIF-1α is responsible for the acquisition and/or the maintenance of the chemo-resistant phenotypes of bladder cancer cells.