Our previous data indicating that MLC1 inhibits ERK1/2 activation in human astrocytoma cells, in primary mouse astrocytes [29,30,52], and, more recently, in astrocytes differentiated from patient-inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSC, manuscript in preparation) strongly support the significant role played by these kinases in MLC brain dysfunctions. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).