Previous studies have demonstrated that treatment with WIN 18,446 results in a vitamin A-deficiency phenotype in the testes of adult male rabbits (Amory et al. 2011), and experiments in adult male mice (Brooks & van der Horst 2003) and in cultured testes from adult, neonatal and embryonic mice have shown a reduction in the levels of tissue retinoic acid and Stra8 transcripts with treatment with WIN 18,446 (Hogarth et al. 2011). The gene discussed is STRA8; the disease is vitamin A deficiency.