TNF and liver dysplastic nodule: On the other hand, the development and progression of DN is related to increased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and obvious inflammatory cell infiltration, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (8).