VEGFA and diabetic macular edema: Although the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (DRCR.net) Protocol S trial demonstrated that anti-VEGF therapy for PDR can be effective44, and that frequent use of anti-VEGF drugs can resolve diabetic macular edema and exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD)45–47, some studies reported that anti-VEGF therapy is associated with fibrosis development in PDR and AMD patients6–9.