Among them, 11 were associated only with clothianidin, including the insulin signaling pathway and insulin resistance (Table S2), 25 were associated only with V. destructor, including leukocyte transendothelial migration and phagosome (Table S3), and 33 were associated only with the combined stressors, including metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and fat digestion and absorption (Table S4). Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.