The first study was carried out in 39 patients with metastatic melanoma, colorectal cancer, castrate-resistant prostate cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or renal cell cancer who received a single intravenous infusion of anti-PD-1 (MDX-1106, hereafter named nivolumab). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.