Previous studies have demonstrated that incubation of VSMC with PDGF-BB triggers the rat sarcoma (Ras)/ rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)/ mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) kinase cascade, which leads to Elk-1 phosphorylation and the inhibition of SMC, specific marker genes, via the displacement of myocardin from smooth muscle cell-specific prompters [48]. The gene discussed is ELK1; the disease is sarcoma.