IL4 and hand, foot and mouth disease: In addition, it was demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine profiles, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-I and interferon-γ-inducible protein-10, are significantly increased in children with severe HFMD.14,15 Moreover, the levels of platelet-activating factor, histamine, noradrenaline, and IL-4 increased significantly in an EV71 infection-induced pulmonary edema mouse model.7