CGA and heart failure: CgA can be cleaved into several bioactive fragments, such as vasostatin, pancreastatin, catestatin, and serpinins, which exert abroad spectrum of regulatory activities by influencing the endocrine, the cardiovascular, and the immune systems and by affecting the glucose or calcium homeostasis.4 Previous studies reported that high CgA plasma level was strictly associated with mortality risk after acute coronary syndrome as well as heart failure.5, 6