CD38 and Cowden syndrome 1: Our results indicate that the CS group includes cases with considerable overexpression of chemokines or cytokines (IRF1, CXCL9, LTB, CCL5, and IL-8), as well as cytotoxic (GZMA), antigen-processing (PSMB9), Th1 (CD38), and adhesion (VCAM1) molecules.