In another study, MSC-Exo were shown to exert antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects on intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion-induced lung damage; their effects were accompanied by the downregulation of TLR4 and NF-κB expression, which further protected the lungs against ischeamia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury [39]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is injury.