TGFB1 and diabetic kidney disease: TSG protected PC12 cells from apoptosis [11] and promoted murine pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and differentiation by activating PI3K/Akt [14]; TSG suppressed fibronection, CTGF, TGF-β, and MCP-1 and effectively prevented renal injury in diabetic nephropathy [15]; TSG exerted anti-diabetic gastrointestinal dysmotility by activating Erk and up-regulating PPAR γ, SIRT1 [16] and TGF-β1 in vivo [17]; TSG also ameliorated diabetes by reducing human serum advanced glycation end products (AGEs) [18].