Following adjustment for etiology of CKD additive to model 1, the association between EPO and all-cause death (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.09–2.26; P = 0.02) and between EPO and cardiovascular death (HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.05–2.90; P = 0.03) remained materially unchanged. Here, EPO is linked to chronic kidney disease.