Moreover, HIV infection drives the microbial translocation [128]: the massive depletion of CD4 cells associated with HIV infection induces an impairment of mucosal surface integrity in the gut and leads to the release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, 16S ribosomal DNA, and CpG DNA [55]) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs, such as mitochondrial DNA, high-mobility group box 1 protein, and defensins [129, 130]) into the circulation. The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is HIV infectious disease.