Several recent studies have shown that CSF CXCL-13 concentrations were high in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis (two meta-analyses) (Yang et al., 2017; Rupprecht et al., 2018), in one retrospective controlled study (Markowicz et al., 2018) and one prospective uncontrolled study (Pietikäinen et al., 2018). Here, CXCL13 is linked to Lyme disease.