GDF15 and cancer: Correlations between GDF-15 and cancer progression have been described for colorectal (86, 87), gastric (88–91), hepatocellular carcinoma (92), non-small cell lung cancer (81), urothelial/renal cell (93), ovarian (80), melanoma (94), breast (20, 95), multiple myeloma (96, 97), and oral cancers (98).