Embryonic stem cells from Ndst1/2 double knock-out mice fail to differentiate into adipocytes in vitro (49) and decreased sulfation of macrophage HS through targeted deletion of Ndst1 leads to increased atherosclerosis and obesity development driven by increased AT inflammation via type I interferon signaling (50, 51). This evidence concerns the gene NDST1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.