No functional studies of PACAP in the cockroach or crab have been described although in the shrimp, innate immunity is boosted (e.g., increased hemocyte number, superoxide dismutase activity, etc.)after bacterial infection in specimens given catfish (Clarias gariepinus) recombinant PACAP (Lugo et al., 2013). Here, ADCYAP1 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.