A recent study has shown that in mice, FOXF2 expression can be upregulated by TGF-β, and FOXF2 can significantly downregulate E-cadherin expression levels by promoting the expression of transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin, Zeb1 and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (Zeb2); moreover, the expression of inhibitor of differentiation 2 (Id2) and members of the miR-200 family can be inhibited to facilitate the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells37. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and breast carcinoma.