However, asperuloside and asperuloside acid, like as monotropein, also exert anti-inflammatory effects via suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, and can be used to treat obesity, inflammatory diseases, cancer and bacterial infections [13, 17]. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.