PPARA and atrial fibrillation: Previous research (Liu et al. 2013) has shown that stimulating β3-AR in the atria of rats with atrial fibrillation can reduce the FA content of myocardial tissue; decreases in PPAR-ɑ/PPAR-γ coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) levels have also been found, suggesting that PPAR-ɑ/PGC-1ɑ is involved in β3-AR-mediated metabolic remodeling associated with atrial fibrillation.