The results of this study revealed that the protein and gene expression of β3-AR was significantly increased in NAFLD models induced by HFD feeding (Fig. 1), consistent with the increased expression of β3-AR in rats with CCl4-induced cirrhosis and in patients with cirrhosis (Trebicka et al. 2009; Vasina et al. 2012). CCl4-induced liver injury is mainly characterized by severe hepatocyte steatosis, and the main pathological feature of NAFLD in the liver is also steatosis. Here, ADRB3 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.