INS and metabolic syndrome: Since the beginning of the 21st century, obesity has been regarded as a medical problem [3] because it is a significant risk factor for a number of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) due to its link to chronic inflammation; disturbed cellular metabolism; increased insulin resistance; and overall metabolic dysfunction prompting metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes (T2D), hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) [4].