TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: Chymase has been associated with TGF-β activation and endothelin-1 formation from preproendothelin-1 in pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [26], and in proliferation, adhesion, regulation of E-cadherin expression, and modulation of immunosuppressive microenvironment in lung carcinoma [29,30].