TGFB1 and cancer: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are derived from different origins: (1) TGF-β-activated resident fibroblasts; (2) EMT; (3) EndMT; (4) smooth muscle actin-upregulated stellate cells; (5) CAAs; or (6) mesenchymal stem cells with TGF-β overexpression or via CXCL16-CXCR6 (150).