VEGFA and neoplasm: In addition to low expression of MHC class II, the mannose receptor and stabilin-1, tumor-educated M2 TAMs acquire immunosuppressive functions and promote tumor progression by releasing VEGF, MMP-7, MMP-9, IL-12, high levels of IL-10, TGF-β, hepatocyte growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), adrenomedullin, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and semaphoring 4D (59, 63, 64).