Only about 30% of individuals with MDD show peripheral evidence of inflammation and immunomodulatory agents are only likely to benefit this specific subset of individuals.30 Nonetheless, results from the recent study of infliximab for bipolar depression has shown that stratifying patients based on peripheral markers of inflammation such as CRP or phenotypic evidence of inflammation does not necessarily confer benefit from immunomodulatory agents.89 This evidence concerns the gene CRP and major depressive disorder.