For instance, within the networks regulating cell motility and locomotion (Fig. 4F), specific proteins were upregulated in the tumour cells only [e.g. macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) and peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PP1A)], host cells only [e.g. S100a8 and S100a9] or in both compartments [e.g. galectin-3 (LGALS3), fibronectin (FN1), ezrin (EZR), CD44 antigen (CD44)]. Here, S100A9 is linked to neoplasm.