Several mechanisms might underlie the renal effects of testosterone, including an effect on cellular apoptosis that may impact renal disease progression, an effect on glomerular matrix accumulation, an influence on the synthesis and activity of several cytokines and vasoactive agents, an interaction with the renin-angiotensin system [55], an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species [55, 56], and a pro-inflammatory effect in the kidney [57]. This evidence concerns the gene REN and kidney disorder.