Additionally, plasma concentrations of MR-proADM were significantly higher among the non-obese patients with HF compared to the non-obese patients without HF and not among obese patients with HF, suggesting that obesity influence the plasma concentrations of MR-proADM and copeptin in patients without HF and that obese patients with early stages of HF have an overall impaired neurohormonal response. Here, AVP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.