Although DPP-4 inhibitors are glucose-lowering agents, DPP-4 inhibitors did not affect insulin levels, blood glucose levels and blood pressure in many kidney disease models used in previous studies, including remnant kidney, cisplatin-induced kidney injury, tacrolimus-induced kidney injury, and ureteral obstruction models (18-21,42). This evidence concerns the gene DPP4 and Ureteral obstruction.