VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: The hypoxiapathway is important in ccRCC as VHL inactivation is found in ~90% of cases.43 In the absence of VHL, HIFα degradation is inhibited, leading to HIF1αaccumulation and transcription of target angiogenic and proliferation genes,including VEGF.44 Our results concurred, with more VEGF produced by 786-O (VHL mutant) thanCAKI-2 (wild-type) tumouroids.