TNF and cancer: Gene expression studies performed by real-time quantitative PCR on selected cancer biomarkers in neoplastic tissue from the rat model of CRC revealed that falcarinol and falcarindiol downregulated NF-κβ and its downstream proinflammatory markers TNFα, IL-6, and COX-2, whereas biomarkers such as COX-1 and IL-1β were not significantly affected [52].