Mechanistically, CC-chemokine ligand 5, secreted by macrophages, induced formation of NF-κB p65/STAT3 complexes binding to the CSN5 promoter enhancing CSN5 transcription leading to PD-L1 de-ubiquitination and stabilization in colorectal cancer cells [105,106]. The gene discussed is COPS5; the disease is colorectal cancer.