The preferential induction of IL-4 producing T-cells and antibody responses, in the absence of IFN-γ producing cells, points to the potential utility of these NPs for use in populations where the induction of Th1 cells or CD8+ T-cells promoting a consequent increased systemic propensity to this type of immunity may be deleterious, for example, in autoimmune patients [5,34], or individuals with cerebral malaria or other Th1 or CD8+ T-cell mediated pathologies. Here, CD8A is linked to cerebral malaria.