IGF1 and osteoporosis: The identified hub genes were TP53, MAPK1, CASP3, CTNNB1, CCND1, NOTCH1, CDK1, IGF1, ERBB2, and CYCS. Moreover, we found that nearly all of the top 10 hub genes were involved in the top five enriched GO terms or KEGG pathways, indicating their potential roles in osteoporosis progression.