These included Igf1, a potent mitogen and survival factor for vascular cells, recently shown to preserve lung growth and prevent pathologic vascular remodeling in an experimental model of BPD (Seedorf et al., 2020), Ang, a potent vasoconstrictor, Pf4, an angiostatic factor that inhibits EC proliferation (Maione et al., 1990), and ApoE, a lipoprotein that modulates endothelial NO production (Sacre et al., 2003). This evidence concerns the gene APOE and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.