On the other hand, Ruppert et al. showed that treatment with EVs from bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) preconditioned with interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), is at least as beneficial as using EVs from non-preconditioned BM-MSCs in rats with spinal cord injury 154. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and spinal cord injury.