CDKN2C levels were markedly elevated in the tumor liver tissue of patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HBV and patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as compared with non-tumor tissue (Fig. 9e), suggesting that CDKN2C expression is upregulated in HCC in an etiology-independent manner. This evidence concerns the gene CDKN2C and hepatocellular carcinoma.