Similarly, after co-culture with stimulated pDCs, we observed significantly higher frequency of CD4 + T cells expressing CD69 and CD71 in T1D versus HC group (13.78 ± 3.1% vs 5.8 ± 1.3%) (p = 0.02) and (15.74 ± 3.6% vs 5.9 ± 1.6%) (p = 0.02), respectively (Fig. 9c,d). Here, CD4 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.