Of the significantly mutated exome sequence in HBV-related HCC patients, the oxidative stress- related KEAP1 has been shown to be involved, although the percentage was not very high (12%, versus 61% for telomere maintenance-related genes, 54% for Wnt-β-catenin signals and 51% for PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway signals) [45,48]. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.