REN and hydrops fetalis: We have shown previously that excessive ROS production induced by activating RAS in skeletal muscle is a possible mechanism causing skeletal muscle abnormalities in HF mice (50–52); and demonstrated that (pro)renin receptor inhibitors, a decoy peptide of the handle region of mouse (pro)renin, and ARBs can improve insulin resistance, including in the skeletal muscle of HF mice (50–52).