This was characterized by increased expression of α-SMA and production of tumor-promoting factors stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CCL5, and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which promote the upregulation of the SMAD signaling (Cho et al., 2011, 2012; Song et al., 2017). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is neoplasm.