IGFBP3 and cancer: The evidence to this is clear as IGFBP-3 has been demonstrated to be present in high levels in several cancers, including breast (Valentinis et al., 1995; Rocha et al., 1997; Sheen-Chen et al., 2009), squamous cell lung (Kettunen et al., 2004), clear cell renal (Chuang et al., 2008) and pancreatic (Xue et al., 2008) cancers.